1.1 Migraine and Acupuncture: A migraine is a particularly painful type of headache, which patients sometimes wish to treat with acupuncture. To determine whether acupuncture relieves migraine pain, researchers conducted a randomized controlled study where 89 females diagnosed with migraine headaches were randomly assigned to one of two groups: treatment or control. 43 patients in the treatment group received acupuncture that is specifically designed to treat migraines. 46 patients in the control group received placebo acupuncture (needle insertion at non-acupoint locations). 24 hours after patients received acupuncture, they were asked if they were pain free. Results are summarized in the contingency table below (Allais, 2011).
(please round answers to within one hundredth of a percent)
| Pain Free: Yes | Pain Free: No | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | 10 | 33 | 43 |
| Control | 2 | 44 | 46 |
| Total | 12 | 77 | 89 |
b) What percent of patients in the control group were pain free after 24 hours? %
c) At first glance, does acupuncture appear to be an effective treatment for migraines? Explain your reasoning.
d) Do the data provide convincing evidence that there is a real pain reduction for those patients in the treatment group? Or do you think that the observed difference might just be due to chance?